Brazilian Twin Studies: A Scoping Review.

The current study was motivated by an interest in deepening understanding of Brazilian twin research, which is underrepresented internationally, in an effort to rectify this situation. Our aim was threefold: (1) to carry out a comprehensive investigation of Brazilian research on twins according to the area of knowledge; (2) to evaluate the representation of research in the field of psychology in comparison with other areas; (3) to evaluate characteristics of the research that may have contributed to its exclusion from the comprehensive meta-analysis of 50 years of twin research. A scoping review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Titles and abstracts were searched up to 2022 in six databases: CAPES, BDLTD, PePSIC, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciELO, using selected keywords both in Portuguese and in English (e.g., 'twins' and 'Brazil'; 'twinning' and 'Brazil'; 'gemelaridade' [twinning], and 'gêmeos' [twins]). Three hundred and forty publications were included in the review. Approximately half (53.8‰) used the classic twin design to investigate the heritability of several traits, and the other half (46.2%) used other research designs. The scoping review showed that the number of publications doubled approximately every 10 years. Most publications were from the health area, with medicine accounting for approximately half of the studies, followed by psychology, odontology, and biology. We found that the interest in studying twins among Brazilian scientists is increasing over the years and there are reasons to be enthusiastic about the potential impact of this trend in the global scenario.

Cat behaviour in the secure base test: Comparison between owned and shelter animals.

The aim of the present study was to compare affiliative behaviours of owned and shelter cats directed to human in a novel environment after a brief temporary absence of the person. A sample of 20 owned and 20 shelter animals were individually tested in a Secure Base Test, with three 2-min episodes: 1) cat accompanied by a person who sits on the floor inside a circle, 2) the person leaves and the animal is left alone, 3) the person returns, and sits inside the circle again. Three categories were used for coding videotapes of experimental sessions: (1) inside circle, (2) allo-rubbing and (3) tail up. Shelter animals showed more proximity maintenance and affiliative signs with a person than owned animals. Our findings suggested similarities between the secure base effect in cats and in human children: cats seek proximity and maintain contact with a person, displaying affiliative signs to the person, especially after being left alone frightened by an unfamiliar environment.

Some lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic: Subjective well-being before and during the pandemic among Brazilian adults.

Image, graphical abstract.

Reading emotions in Dogs' eyes and Dogs' faces.

Our primary goal was to investigate human ability to recognize basic emotions from only the eyes of dogs in comparison to the whole face. Simultaneously, we replicated and extended previous research (Bloom et al., 2021), while validating American canine emotional facial expression photographs cross-culturally to Brazil. Participants (N = 120) viewed behaviorally-anchored photographs of three breeds. Half the participants in each condition (faces or eyes-only) viewed two-word forced choice items while the other half viewed four-word forced choice items. Participants identified target emotions from images of both dogs' faces and eyes-only at a higher rate than chance. Fear was accurately recognized more than the other emotions. When dogs are afraid, they open their eyes and expose the sclera, a conspicuous signal. Emotion identification accuracy was highest for the Rhodesian Ridgeback, who is similar in morphology to common Brazilian stray dogs (Vira-Latas Carmelo). We conjectured that Brazilians were more accustomed to seeing dogs with the Rhodesian Ridgeback morphology than the erect-eared breeds, thus increasing accuracy for this breed. Further studies with additional dog morphologies are desirable. In addition to research interest, our Canine Eyes task has the potential to become a test of individual differences in Theory of Mind with clinical applications.

Demographics and self-reported well-being of Brazilian adults as a function of pet ownership: A pilot study.

The goals of the present study were to investigate socio-demographic characteristics and well-being indicators associated with pet ownership. The respondents (N = 801, 53.8% females; 56.2% with children) came from the five macro-regions of Brazil (8% North, 28% Northeast, 36% Southeast, 18% South, 10% Central-West). Their ages ranged from 20 to 50 years. Over half of the sample (60%) reported living with a pet. Logistic regression showed that residence type (to be owner versus renter) and parental status (to be childless versus to have children) were predictors of pet ownership. We found interaction between pet ownership and sex on well-being indicators: the Mann-Whitney test showed that men who owned a pet reported better sleep quality, better relationship with neighbors and less sadness; whereas women who owned a pet reported lower life organization. With respect to life satisfaction, no differences were found between pet owners and non-pet owners. Implications of our findings and new research directions are discussed. Our study was conducted before the Covid-19 pandemic. The survey should be reapplied during and after the pandemic, so that we can deepen our knowledge of the socio-demographic characteristics and subjective well-being indicators associated with pet ownership.

The University of São Paulo Twin Panel: Current Status and Prospects for Brazilian Twin Studies in Behavioral Research.

The University of São Paulo Twin Panel (Painel USP de Gêmeos), based at the Institute of Psychology of the University of São Paulo, started formally in 2017. Our registry is new, but in only two years of formal existence, it comprises a volunteer sample of 4826 registered individuals (98% twins and 2% higher-order multiples), recruited at the University of São Paulo and by social media campaigns. Our main aim is to conduct and promote research with twins on psychological processes and behavior. The University of São Paulo is the largest higher education and research institution in South America, and the Painel USP de Gêmeos has great potential for fostering research on twin-related issues from a psychological perspective in Brazil and South America.

Twinning Rates in Uruguay Between 1999 and 2015: Association with Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors.

Twinning is rare among humans, but there is much variability among populations. Several studies show that certain demographic and socioeconomic factors, such as maternal age, mother's educational level and income, influence twinning rate. There is no background of analytical studies of twins in Uruguay. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has focused on describing and analyzing Uruguayan twinning rates over a period of 17 years (1999-2015). The birth data were collected from the website of Uruguay's Ministry of Public Health. Economic data were obtained from Uruguay's Instituto Nacional de Estadísti's website for the period 2001-2013, since these variables are defined specifically for that period of time. The statistical software R (The R Project for Statistical Computing) was used. The twinning rate varied from 8.51 to 13 in the studied period. Montevideo has the highest median and the smallest variability in comparison with the other departments. In Uruguay (1999-2015), the highest twinning rate (28.94%) was observed in women aged 45 and older. The analysis also showed a relationship between twin birth rates and the mother's educational level. In three regions of the country (West, Center and East), twin births show a random pattern but in the other two (North and Metropolitan), there is an increasing trend in the number of twins over time. In conclusion, this study recognizes social, economic and demographic factors that influence in the rate of twin births in Uruguay.

Brincar na perspectiva psicoetológica: implicações para pesquisa e prática / Approche psycho-éthologique du jeu: de la recherche à la pratique / El juego desde una perspectiva psicoetológica: implicaciones para la investigación y la práctica / Psychoethological perspective on play: implications for research and practice

Este ensaio trata do brincar a partir da perspectiva psicoetológica e examina implicações para a pesquisa e a prática. Ao longo das últimas décadas, crianças vêm ganhando oportunidades de escolarização e atividades dirigidas por adultos, mas perdendo oportunidades de brincadeira livre autogerenciada. Isto é preocupante, considerando as indicações de modelos animais de que a brincadeira social autogerenciada é importante para o desenvolvimento do cérebro social e da capacidade de autorregulação de emoções. Este estudo representa um convite-justificativa para que as crianças recuperem oportunidades de brincadeira natural das quais vêm sendo privadas. Quanto mais conhecermos sobre o brincar, mais adequados seremos nas oportunidades que poderemos oferecer a elas. Precisamos de mais pesquisa sobre este tema na academia, num ambiente intelectual que facilite a colaboração entre etólogos, psicólogos, educadores e neurocientistas, promovendo interação bidirecional entre teoria e prática

Cet article se concentre sur le jeu dans la perspective psycho-éthologique et examine les implications pour la recherche et la pratique. Au cours des dernières décennies, les enfants reçoivent plus de possibilités d'éducation et activités dirigées par des adultes, mais souffrent d'un grave déficit de jeu autogéré. Cette situation est particulièrement préoccupante compte tenu des indications de modèles animaux que le jeu social autogéré est très important pour le développement du cerveau social et d'autorégulation émotionnelle. Ce texte est une invitation/justification pour promouvoir des occasions de jeu naturel pour les enfants. Plus on connaît les fondamentaux de jeu, le plus approprié seront les opportunités que nous pouvons offrir à nos enfants. Nous avons besoin de toute urgence davantage de recherches sur ce sujet, dans un environnement intellectuel qui facilitent les collaborations entre les éthologues, les psychologues, les éducateurs et les neuroscientifiques, et la promotion d'une interaction bidirectionnelle entre la théorie et la pratique

Este ensayo trata del juego desde el punto de vista psicoetológico y examina implicaciones para la investigación y la práctica. A lo largo de las últimas décadas, los niños han recibido oportunidades de escolarización y actividades dirigidas por adultos, pero han perdido oportunidades para el juego libre y autogestionado. Lo que resulta preocupante, teniendo en cuenta las sugerencias de los modelos animales de que el juego social autogestionado es importante para el desarrollo del cerebro social y de la capacidad de autorregulación emocional. Este artículo es una invitación/justificación para que los niños recuperen oportunidades para el juego natural del que han sido privados. Cuánto más sepamos acerca del juego, más éxito tendremos. Necesitamos más investigación sobre este tema en la academia, en un ambiente intelectual que facilite la colaboración entre los etólogos, psicólogos, educadores y neurocientíficos, para promover una interacción bidireccional entre la teoría y la práctica

This study focuses on play from a psychoethological perspective and examines the implications for research and practice. Over the past decades, children are provided with more educational opportunities and more access to adult-led activities, albeit suffering a severe lack of self-directed play. This fact is worrying when we consider the indications in animal models that self-directed play is important for the development of the social brain and emotional self-regulation. This essay represents an invitation-justification for children to recover opportunities for natural play, of which they have been deprived. The more we know about play, the more suitable the opportunities we can offer them will be. We need to conduct further research on this topic, in an intellectual environment that enables collaboration between ethologists, psychologists, educators, and neuroscientists, promoting a bidirectional interaction between theory and practice

Underrepresentation of women in the senior levels of Brazilian science.

Despite significant progress, there is still a gender gap in science all over the world, especially at senior levels. Some progressive countries are recognizing the need to address barriers to gender equality in order to retain their best scientists and innovators, and ensure research excellence and social and economic returns on the investment made by taxpayers each year on training women scientists. We investigated the gender distribution of: (i) the productivity scholarship (PS) holders of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq, N = 13,625), (ii) the members of the Brazilian Academy of Science (Academia Brasileira de Ciências, ABC, N = 899), and (iii) the amount of funding awarded for top quality research ("Universal" Call of CNPq, N = 3,836), between the years of 2013 and 2014. Our findings show evidence for gender imbalances in all the studied indicators of Brazilian science. We found that female scientists were more often represented among PS holders at the lower levels of the research ranking system (2). By contrast, male scientists were more often found at higher levels (1A and 1B) of PS holders, indicating the top scientific achievement, both in "Engineering, Exact Sciences, Earth Sciences", and "Life Sciences". This imbalance was not found in Humanities and Social Sciences. Only 14% of the ABC members were women. Humanities and Applied Social Sciences had a relatively low representation of women in the Academy (3.7%) compared to Engineering, Exact and Earth Sciences: 54.9% and Life Sciences: 41.4%. Finally, female scientists obtained significantly more funding at the lower level of the research ranking system (2), whereas male scientists obtained significantly more funding at the higher levels (1A and 1B). Our results show strong evidence of a gender imbalance in Brazilian science. We hope that our findings will be used to stimulate reforms that will result in greater equality in Brazilian science, and elsewhere.

Twinning and Multiple Birth Rates According to Maternal Age in the City of São Paulo, Brazil: 2003-2014.

The present study investigates the twinning rates in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, during the years 2003-2014. The data were drawn from the Brazilian Health Department database of Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos de São Paulo-SINASC (Live Births Information System of São Paulo). In general, more information is available on the incidence of twinning in developed countries than in developing ones. A total of 24,589 twin deliveries and 736 multiple deliveries were registered in 140 hospitals of São Paulo out of a total of 2,056,016 deliveries during the studied time period. The overall average rates of singleton, twin, and multiple births per 1,000 maternities (‰) were 987.43, 11.96 (dizygotic (DZ) rate was 7.15 and monozygotic (MZ) 4.42), and 0.36, respectively. We further regressed maternal age and historical time period on percentage of singleton, twin, and multiple birth rates. Our results indicated that maternal age strongly positively predicted twin and multiple birth rates, and negatively predicted singleton birth rates. The historical time period also positively, although weakly, predicted twin birth rates, and had no effect on singleton or multiple birth rates. Further, after applying Weinberg's differential method, we computed regressions separately for the estimated frequencies of DZ and MZ twin rates. DZ twinning was strongly positively predicted by maternal age and, to a smaller degree, by time period, while MZ twinning increased marginally only with higher maternal age. Factors such as increasing body mass index or air pollution can lead to the slight historical increase in DZ twinning rates. Importantly, consistent with previous cross-cultural and historical research, our results support the existence of an age-dependent physiological mechanism that leads to a strong increase in twinning and multiple births, but not singleton births, among mothers of higher age categories. From the ultimate perspective, twinning and multiple births in later age can lead to higher individual reproductive success near the end of the reproductive career of the mother.

Dogs recognize dog and human emotions.

The perception of emotional expressions allows animals to evaluate the social intentions and motivations of each other. This usually takes place within species; however, in the case of domestic dogs, it might be advantageous to recognize the emotions of humans as well as other dogs. In this sense, the combination of visual and auditory cues to categorize others' emotions facilitates the information processing and indicates high-level cognitive representations. Using a cross-modal preferential looking paradigm, we presented dogs with either human or dog faces with different emotional valences (happy/playful versus angry/aggressive) paired with a single vocalization from the same individual with either a positive or negative valence or Brownian noise. Dogs looked significantly longer at the face whose expression was congruent to the valence of vocalization, for both conspecifics and heterospecifics, an ability previously known only in humans. These results demonstrate that dogs can extract and integrate bimodal sensory emotional information, and discriminate between positive and negative emotions from both humans and dogs.

Maternal depression and offspring's cortisol concentrations in a Brazilian sample / Depressão materna e concentração de cortisol de recém-nascidos em uma amostra brasileira / La depresión materna y la concentración de cortisol del recién nacido en una muestra brasilieira

Postpartum depression (PPD) is believed to cause a variety of child developmental problems, including alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. The association of maternal depression with children's salivary cortisol level was investigated in three different moments: at birth (N=58), at four (N=64) and 36-month (N=81) after delivery. Mothers were screened for PPD at four months and for depression at 36-months after delivery using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Through ANOVA analysis results revealed a marginal difference of moderate effect size on cortisol concentration with higher levels for newborns whose mothers would be later screened for PPD when compared with control group. Contrary to our hypothesis we did not find this difference at four and neither at 36-months. Assuming that infants of mothers at risk for depression are born with slightly higher cortisol baseline, this difference among groups could not be verified on subsequent analysis at four and 36-months.

Acredita-se que a depressão pós-parto (DPP) possa prejudicar diversos aspectos do desenvolvimento infantil, incluindo alterações das funções do eixo Hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal (HPA). A associação entre depressão materna e nível de cortisol salivar dos filhos foi investigada em três amostras brasileiras diferentes: ao nascimento (N=58), aos quatro (N=64) e 36 meses (N=81) após o parto. Mães preencheram a Escala de Depressão Pós-parto de Edinburgh aos 4 e 36 meses após o parto. Por meio da ANOVA resultados indicaram diferença marginal com tamanho de efeito moderado na concentração de cortisol com maiores concentrações em recém-nascidos cujas mães desenvolveram depressão pós-parto em comparação ao grupo controle. Contrariando nossa hipótese, esta diferença no nível de cortisol basal não foi encontrada aos quatro e aos 36 meses. Admitindo que os filhos de mães com sinais de DPP nascem com níveis basais de cortisol ligeiramente mais altos, esta diferença não foi verificada em momentos posteriores.

Se cree que la depresión post-parto (DPP) causa una variedad de problemas del desarrollo, incluyendo alteraciones funcionales en el eje hypotálamo-hipofisario-adrenal (HHA). Nuestro objetivo era el investigar la posible asociación entre niveles de cortisol salivar en hijos y depresión materna en tres momentos distintos: 2 días después del parto (N=58), cuatro meses después (N=64) y 36 meses después (N=81). Las madres completaron la Escala de Depresión Postparto de Edimburgo a las 4 y 36 meses después del parto. Un test de ANOVA mostró diferencias marginales de efecto moderado en los niveles de cortisol en hijos de madres con DPP comparados con grupo de control. Suponiendo que los hijos de madres con DPP tienen niveles de cortisol ligeramente elevados al nacer, no se observaron estas diferencias en otros momentos.

Face Scanning in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Human Versus Dog Face Scanning.

This study used eye tracking to explore attention allocation to human and dog faces in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and typical development (TD). Significant differences were found among the three groups. TD participants looked longer at the eyes than ASD and ADHD ones, irrespective of the faces presented. In spite of this difference, groups were similar in that they looked more to the eyes than to the mouth areas of interest. The ADHD group gazed longer at the mouth region than the other groups. Furthermore, groups were also similar in that they looked more to the dog than to the human faces. The eye-tracking technology proved to be useful for behavioral investigation in different neurodevelopmental disorders.

Reflections on a footnote: implications for the study of emotions in animals / Reflexões a partir de uma nota de rodapé: implicações para o estudo de emoções em animais / Réflexions sur une note de bas de page: implications pour leétude des emotions chez les animaux / Reflexiones a partir de una nota a pie de página: implicaciones para el estudio de las emociones en animales

A footnote (FN) originally submitted as a comment to the article "Parsing Reward" led me to write this essay. The comment was rejected by the editor of a prestigious scientific journal in the area of behavioral neuroscience with the suggestion that it would be more appropriate for an "idle talk". I believe that the core issues involved are important to address explicitly in a debate within the broad domain of the frontiers of human and biological sciences. The protagonists involved in the didactic episode of the FN, whose articles and books I have been reading over the years, are leaders in the field of neuroscience. In this essay the episode is historically contextualized and discussed in terms of potential implications for ethology, psychology and neuroscience.(AU)

Uma nota de rodapé (NR), originalmente submetida como um comentário ao artigo "Parsing Reward", me levou a escrever este ensaio. O comentário foi rejeitado pelo editor de um renomado periódico científico na área de neurociências com a sugestão de que seria mais apropriado para uma "conversa de bar". Acredito que as questões essenciais envolvidas sejam significativas para um debate na área de fronteira das ciências humanas e biológicas. Os protagonistas envolvidos no didático episódio da NR, cujos artigos e livros tenho acompanhado nos últimos anos, são lideranças na área de neurociências. Neste ensaio contextualizo o episódio historicamente e o discuto em termos de perspectivas potenciais para a etologia, a psicologia e a neurociência.(AU)

Une note de bas de page (NBP) initialement soumise comme un commentaire de l'article "Parsing reward" m'a amenée à écrire cet essai. Ce commentaire fut rejeté par l'éditeur d'un prestigieux journal scientifique dans le domaine des neurosciences comportementales avec la suggestion qu'il serait plus approprié à une "discussion de comptoir". Je pense que les questions essentielles abordées dans cette note sont cruciales pour un débat sur la frontière entre sciences humaines et biologiques. Les protagonistes impliqués dans cet incident didactique , dont j'ai suivi les publications et les livres au fil des années, sont des leaders dans le domaine des neurosciences. Dans cet essai, après l'avoir remise dans son contexte historique, je discute les potentiels apports de cette note aux domaines de l'éthologie, de la psychologie et des neurosciences.(AU)

Una nota a pie de página, presentada originalmente cómo un comentario al artículo "Parsing Reward", me llevó a escribir este ensayo. El comentario fue rechazado por un editor de un renombrado periódico científico en el área de las neurociencias, con la sugerencia de que sería más apropiado para una "conversación de bar". Creo que las cuestiones esenciales envueltas son significativas para un debate en la zona fronteriza de las ciencias humanas y biológicas. Los protagonistas envueltos en el didáctico episodio de la nota, cuyos artículos y libros he seguido en los últimos años, son líderes en el área de las neurociencias. En este ensayo contextualizo el episodio históricamente y lo discuto en términos de potenciales perspectivas para la etología, la psicología y la neurociencia.(AU)

Reflections on a footnote: implications for the study of emotions in animals / Reflexões a partir de uma nota de rodapé: implicações para o estudo de emoções em animais / Réflexions sur une note de bas de page: implications pour leétude des emotions chez les animaux / Reflexiones a partir de una nota a pie de página: implicaciones para el estudio de las emociones en animales

A footnote (FN) originally submitted as a comment to the article "Parsing Reward" led me to write this essay. The comment was rejected by the editor of a prestigious scientific journal in the area of behavioral neuroscience with the suggestion that it would be more appropriate for an "idle talk". I believe that the core issues involved are important to address explicitly in a debate within the broad domain of the frontiers of human and biological sciences. The protagonists involved in the didactic episode of the FN, whose articles and books I have been reading over the years, are leaders in the field of neuroscience. In this essay the episode is historically contextualized and discussed in terms of potential implications for ethology, psychology and neuroscience...

Uma nota de rodapé (NR), originalmente submetida como um comentário ao artigo "Parsing Reward", me levou a escrever este ensaio. O comentário foi rejeitado pelo editor de um renomado periódico científico na área de neurociências com a sugestão de que seria mais apropriado para uma "conversa de bar". Acredito que as questões essenciais envolvidas sejam significativas para um debate na área de fronteira das ciências humanas e biológicas. Os protagonistas envolvidos no didático episódio da NR, cujos artigos e livros tenho acompanhado nos últimos anos, são lideranças na área de neurociências. Neste ensaio contextualizo o episódio historicamente e o discuto em termos de perspectivas potenciais para a etologia, a psicologia e a neurociência...

Une note de bas de page (NBP) initialement soumise comme un commentaire de l'article "Parsing reward" m'a amenée à écrire cet essai. Ce commentaire fut rejeté par l'éditeur d'un prestigieux journal scientifique dans le domaine des neurosciences comportementales avec la suggestion qu'il serait plus approprié à une "discussion de comptoir". Je pense que les questions essentielles abordées dans cette note sont cruciales pour un débat sur la frontière entre sciences humaines et biologiques. Les protagonistes impliqués dans cet incident didactique , dont j'ai suivi les publications et les livres au fil des années, sont des leaders dans le domaine des neurosciences. Dans cet essai, après l'avoir remise dans son contexte historique, je discute les potentiels apports de cette note aux domaines de l'éthologie, de la psychologie et des neurosciences...

Una nota a pie de página, presentada originalmente cómo un comentario al artículo "Parsing Reward", me llevó a escribir este ensayo. El comentario fue rechazado por un editor de un renombrado periódico científico en el área de las neurociencias, con la sugerencia de que sería más apropiado para una "conversación de bar". Creo que las cuestiones esenciales envueltas son significativas para un debate en la zona fronteriza de las ciencias humanas y biológicas. Los protagonistas envueltos en el didáctico episodio de la nota, cuyos artículos y libros he seguido en los últimos años, son líderes en el área de las neurociencias. En este ensayo contextualizo el episodio históricamente y lo discuto en términos de potenciales perspectivas para la etología, la psicología y la neurociencia...

Fatores psicossociais e sociodemográficos associados à depressão pós-parto: Um estudo em hospitais público e privado da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil / Psychosocial and sociodemographic factors associated with postpartum depression: A study in private and public hospitals in São Paulo, Brazil / Factores psicosociales y sociodemográficos asociados con la depresión posparto: Un estudio realizado en hospital público y privado en la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil

O estudo avaliou a prevalência de depressão pós-parto (DPP) e fatores associados em mulheres que deram à luz em dois hospitais da cidade de São Paulo: um público e outro privado. Foram aplicados questionários padronizados, a Escala de Depressão Pós-parto de Edimburgo (EDPE) e a Escala de Apoio Social de MOS (EAS) a 462 mulheres: 205, no hospital público e 257, no privado. Foram obtidos dados sociodemográficos, psicossociais, obstétricos e do recém-nascido (RN). Consideraram-se deprimidas mulheres com 12 ou mais pontos na EDPE, aplicada no 3º ou 4º mês após o parto. No hospital público, a prevalência de DPP foi de 26% e, no privado, de 9%. Características dos RN foram semelhantes nas duas amostras; idade, escolaridade, número de visitas de pré-natal e de cesarianas das mães foram maiores no hospital privado. Análise de regressão envolvendo características psicossociais das participantes revelou associação positiva de DPP com depressão anterior e com frequência de conflitos com o parceiro e relação negativa com anos de escolaridade e escore de apoio social.

This study evaluated the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and associated factors in women who gave birth at two hospitals in São Paulo City: one public and other private. It was applied standardized questionnaires, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the MOS Social Support Scale to 462 women: 205 in the public hospitals and 257, in the private one. Data collected included sociodemographic, psychosocial, obstetric and newborn (NB) characteristics. It was considered depressed those women with 12 or more points in EPDS, applied in the 3rd. or 4th. month after delivery. In the public hospital, the prevalence of PPD was 26% and in the private, 9%. Characteristics of infants were similar in both samples, Mothers' age, education level, number of prenatal visits and cesarean were higher in the private hospital. Regression analysis involving psychosocial characteristics of women showed a positive association of PPD with previous occurrence of depression and frequency of conflicts with partner and negative relationship with years of schooling, and social support scores.

El estudio evaluó la prevalencia de la depresión posparto (DPP) y factores asociados en mujeres que dieron a luz en dos hospitales de la ciudad de São Paulo: un público y otro privado. Se aplicó dos instrumentos estandarizados, la escala de depresión posparto de Edimburgo (EDPE) y el Cuestionario MOS-SSS de Apoyo Social, a 462 mujeres: 205 en el hospital público y 257 en el hospital privado. Se obtuvieron datos sociodemográficos, psicosociales, obstétricos y del recién nacido (RN). Fueron consideradas deprimidas las mujeres con 12 o más puntos en la EDPE aplicada en el tercero o cuarto mes después del parto. En el hospital público, la prevalencia de DPP fue de 26% y en el privado, 9%. Características de los RN fueron similares en las dos muestras; la edad, la escolaridad, el número de consultas de prenatal y de cesáreas fueron mayores en el hospital privado. El análisis de regresión implicando características psicosociales de las participantes reveló una asociación positiva de la DPP con depresión previa y con frecuencia de conflictos con el compañero y una relación negativa con los años de escolaridad y con el escore de apoyo social.

Fatores psicossociais e sociodemográficos associados à depressão pós-parto: um estudo em hospitais público e privado da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil / Psychosocial and sociodemographic factors associated with postpartum depression: a study in private and public hospitals in São Paulo, Brazil / Factores psicosociales y sociodemográficos asociados con la depresión posparto: un estudio realizado en hospital público y privado en la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil

O estudo avaliou a prevalência de depressão pós-parto (DPP) e fatores associados em mulheres que deram à luz em dois hospitais da cidade de São Paulo: um público e outro privado. Foram aplicados questionários padronizados, a Escala de Depressão Pós-parto de Edimburgo (EDPE) e a Escala de Apoio Social de MOS (EAS) a 462 mulheres: 205, no hospital público e 257, no privado. Foram obtidos dados sociodemográficos, psicossociais, obstétricos e do recém-nascido (RN). Consideraram-se deprimidas mulheres com 12 ou mais pontos na EDPE, aplicada no 3º ou 4º mês após o parto. No hospital público, a prevalência de DPP foi de 26% e, no privado, de 9%. Características dos RN foram semelhantes nas duas amostras; idade, escolaridade, número de visitas de pré-natal e de cesarianas das mães foram maiores no hospital privado. Análise de regressão envolvendo características psicossociais das participantes revelou associação positiva de DPP com depressão anterior e com frequência de conflitos com o parceiro e relação negativa com anos de escolaridade e escore de apoio social.

This study evaluated the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and associated factors in women who gave birth at two hospitals in São Paulo City: one public and other private. It was applied standardized questionnaires, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the MOS Social Support Scale to 462 women: 205 in the public hospitals and 257, in the private one. Data collected included sociodemographic, psychosocial, obstetric and newborn (NB) characteristics. It was considered depressed those women with 12 or more points in EPDS, applied in the 3rd. or 4th. month after delivery. In the public hospital, the prevalence of PPD was 26% and in the private, 9%. Characteristics of infants were similar in both samples, Mothers' age, education level, number of prenatal visits and cesarean were higher in the private hospital. Regression analysis involving psychosocial characteristics of women showed a positive association of PPD with previous occurrence of depression and frequency of conflicts with partner and negative relationship with years of schooling, and social support scores.

El estudio evaluó la prevalencia de la depresión posparto (DPP) y factores asociados en mujeres que dieron a luz en dos hospitales de la ciudad de São Paulo: un público y otro privado. Se aplicó dos instrumentos estandarizados, la escala de depresión posparto de Edimburgo (EDPE) y el Cuestionario MOS-SSS de Apoyo Social, a 462 mujeres: 205 en el hospital público y 257 en el hospital privado. Se obtuvieron datos sociodemográficos, psicosociales, obstétricos y del recién nacido (RN). Fueron consideradas deprimidas las mujeres con 12 o más puntos en la EDPE aplicada en el tercero o cuarto mes después del parto. En el hospital público, la prevalencia de DPP fue de 26% y en el privado, 9%. Características de los RN fueron similares en las dos muestras; la edad, la escolaridad, el número de consultas de prenatal y de cesáreas fueron mayores en el hospital privado. El análisis de regresión implicando características psicosociales de las participantes reveló una asociación positiva de la DPP con depresión previa y con frecuencia de conflictos con el compañero y una relación negativa con los años de escolaridad y con el escore de apoyo social.

Postpartum depression and child development in first year of life / Depressão pós-parto e desenvolvimento do bebê no primeiro ano de vida

The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of infant development at four, eight and twelve months of age, as result of postpartum depression. The prevalence of Postpartum Depression - measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale - at four months after delivery was 30.3%; at eight months, 26.4%; and at 12 months, 25.0%. Chi-square tests were used to compare children of mothers with and without Postpartum Depression in relation to developmental milestones. It was found developmental delay in infants of mothers with Postpartum Depression in: two interactional indicators at four months, two motor indicators at eight months and one gross motor indicator at twelve months. However, children of mothers with Postpartum Depression showed better results in one fine motor and in two language items at 12 months. The results point to the necessity of considering external and internal factors of mother and infant in the study of the effects of maternal depression on child development.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar características do desenvolvimento infantil aos 4, 8 e 12 meses de idade em função de depressão pós-parto. A porcentagem de mães com depressão pós-parto - medida pela Escala de Depressão Pós-parto de Edimburgo -, aos 4 meses após o parto foi de 30,3%; aos 8 meses, 26,4%; e, aos 12, 25,0%. Utilizaram-se testes de Qui-quadrado para comparar filhos de mães com e sem depressão pós-parto em relação a marcos do desenvolvimento. Constatou-se pior desempenho de bebês de mães deprimidas em: 2 indicadores interacionais aos 4 meses, 2 indicadores motores aos 8 meses, e 1 indicador motor amplo aos 12 meses. Filhos de mães com depressão pós-parto, contudo, mostraram melhores resultados em 1 indicador de motricidade fina e em 2 de linguagem aos 12 meses. Conclui-se pela necessidade de considerar fatores externos e internos da mãe e do bebê no estudo dos efeitos da depressão materna sobre o desenvolvimento infantil.(AU)

Postpartum depression and child development in first year of life / Depressão pós-parto e desenvolvimento do bebê no primeiro ano de vida

The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of infant development at four, eight and twelve months of age, as result of postpartum depression. The prevalence of Postpartum Depression - measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale - at four months after delivery was 30.3%; at eight months, 26.4%; and at 12 months, 25.0%. Chi-square tests were used to compare children of mothers with and without Postpartum Depression in relation to developmental milestones. It was found developmental delay in infants of mothers with Postpartum Depression in: two interactional indicators at four months, two motor indicators at eight months and one gross motor indicator at twelve months. However, children of mothers with Postpartum Depression showed better results in one fine motor and in two language items at 12 months. The results point to the necessity of considering external and internal factors of mother and infant in the study of the effects of maternal depression on child development.

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar características do desenvolvimento infantil aos 4, 8 e 12 meses de idade em função de depressão pós-parto. A porcentagem de mães com depressão pós-parto - medida pela Escala de Depressão Pós-parto de Edimburgo -, aos 4 meses após o parto foi de 30,3%; aos 8 meses, 26,4%; e, aos 12, 25,0%. Utilizaram-se testes de Qui-quadrado para comparar filhos de mães com e sem depressão pós-parto em relação a marcos do desenvolvimento. Constatou-se pior desempenho de bebês de mães deprimidas em: 2 indicadores interacionais aos 4 meses, 2 indicadores motores aos 8 meses, e 1 indicador motor amplo aos 12 meses. Filhos de mães com depressão pós-parto, contudo, mostraram melhores resultados em 1 indicador de motricidade fina e em 2 de linguagem aos 12 meses. Conclui-se pela necessidade de considerar fatores externos e internos da mãe e do bebê no estudo dos efeitos da depressão materna sobre o desenvolvimento infantil.